Poverty in Australia Essay examples -- Poverty Essays

Neediness in Australia Before examining the degree of neediness in Australia, it is first critical to make reference to the distinction between outright destitution and relative destitution. Outright Poverty is where hardship is extraordinary on the grounds that individuals don't approach the fundamental necessities, for example, food, dress, and safe house. Interestingly Relative Poverty is a circumstance wherein the frequency of destitution is estimated comparative with things, for example, normal week after week profit or salary per head. Accordingly neediness, as discussed in Australia is where salary is deficient to meet the base needs of the family unit or person. The Poverty Line is the degree of salary beneath which the pay of the family unit or individual is lacking to meet the basic needs of the family unit or individual as dictated by society. The Poverty line is controlled by a level of normal week after week income. In 1966, the first neediness line for Australia, was set by Professor Henderson as essential pay in addition to the kid enrichment payable for two kids. There is an unequivocal absence of late information on neediness in Australia, subsequently we need to think back similarly as reports from the 1970’s, so as to locate any significant data on destitution in Australia. In 1975 there was a report made on the degree of destitution in Australia by Professor Henderson. It has since been known as the Henderson Report. The Henderson Report found that 8.5 percent of Australians were living under the neediness line. It likewise found that: â€Å"Most of the poor experience the ill effects of at least one of the accompanying handicaps: mature age, absence of a male provider, an enormous number of dependant kids, ongoing relocation to Australia, or delayed ailment. The occurrence of neediness was a lot higher in these classes than among those with no of these disabilities.†(Henderson 1975) At the hour of this report normal week after week income in Australia were $165 every week, the destitution line for a solitary individual was set at $49.60 for a solitary individual, and $93.20 for a couple with 2 youngsters. (Jackson, McIver 1998) A report like the Henderson report was done in 1987, where the neediness line, despite everything utilizing the first strategy utilized in 1966, had been raised to $146 every week for a solitary, and $274 every week for a couple with two youngsters. (Jackson, McIver 1998) Although the neediness line had ascended because of monetary develop... ... each fortnight as a general rule, and without the issues of going to work each morning. While the Australian Welfare System isn't impeccable it manages without question aid its primary target which is diminishing disparity of earnings, and in this way the degree of neediness. Despite the fact that there is no current information on the measure of Australians living under the neediness line, and it is hard to gauge, it shows up likely that utilizing Professor Henderson’s unique technique, the expanding imbalance in the conveyance of family unit earnings has caused the level of Australians living beneath the destitution line to expanded considerably. Book index: Collier, B. 1992. Presenting Economics. Sydney, New South Wales. Anzarut, D. 1985. Senior Economics. Melbourne, Victoria. Lipsey, R. Langley, P. Mahoney, D. Positive Economics for Australian Students, Sydney, New South Wales. National Coalition against Poverty. 10 September 2001. URL http://www.bsl.org.au/ncapwebsite Patterns in Income Inequality in the 1990’s. 15 September 2001. URL http://www.natsem.canberra.edu.au/bars/cpol.html. Pearce, Y. August 20 2001. â€Å"Poverty level ‘Just hot air’† The West Australian.

Sample Apa Research Paper

Test APA Research Paper Sample Title Page Place composition page headers one-half inch from the top. Put five spaces between the page header and the page number. Running on Empty 1 Full title, creators, and school name are fixated on the page, composed in capitalized and lowercase. Running on Empty: The Effects of Food Deprivation on Concentration and Perseverance Thomas Delancy and Adam Solberg Dordt College 34 Sample Abstract Running on Empty Abstract This examination inspected the impacts of momentary food hardship on two The theoretical sums up the issue, members, speculations, strategies utilized, results, and ends. subjective abilitiesâ€concentration and constancy. College understudies (N-51) were tried on both a fixation task and a constancy task after one of three degrees of food hardship: none, 12 hours, or 24 hours. We anticipated that food hardship would weaken both fixation scores and diligence time. Food hardship had no huge impact on focus scores, which is steady wit h ongoing examination on the impacts of food hardship (Green et al. , 1995; Green et al. , 1997).However, members in the 12-hour hardship bunch invested fundamentally less energy in the steadiness task than those in both the control and 24-hour hardship gatherings, recommending that transient hardship may influence a few parts of comprehension and not others. An APA Research Paper Model Thomas Delancy and Adam Solberg composed the accompanying examination paper for a brain science class. As you audit their paper, read the side notes and look at the accompanying: ? The utilization and documentation of their various sources. ? The foundation they give before getting into their own investigation results. The logical language utilized when revealing their outcomes. Focus the title one inch from the top. Twofold space all through. Running on Empty Running on Empty: The Effects of Food Deprivation on Concentration and Perseverance 3 Many things hinder people’s capacity to concentra te on an assignment: interruptions, migraines, boisterous situations, and even mental issue. Somewhat, individuals can control the ecological elements that make it hard to center. In any case, shouldn't something be said about inside variables, for example, a void stomach?Can individuals increment their capacity to concentrate basically by eating normally? One hypothesis that incited look into on how food consumption influences the normal individual was the glucostatic hypothesis. A few specialists during the 1940s and 1950s recommended that the cerebrum directs food admission so as to keep up a blood-glucose set point. The thought was that individuals become hungry when their blood-glucose levels drop fundamentally beneath their set point and that they become fulfilled in the wake of eating, when their blood-glucose levels come back to that set point.This hypothesis appeared to be consistent in light of the fact that glucose is the brain’s essential fuel (Pinel, 2000). The m ost punctual examination of the general impacts of food hardship found that drawn out food hardship (36 hours and more) was related with drowsiness, wretchedness, fractiousness, decreased pulse, and powerlessness to think (Keys, Brozek, The presentation expresses the theme and the principle inquiries to be investigated. The scientists gracefully foundation data by talking about past research on the subject. Broad referencing sets up help for the discussion.Henschel, Mickelsen, and Taylor, 1950). Another investigation found that fasting for a few days delivered solid shortcoming, touchiness, and indifference or discouragement (Kollar, Slater, Palmer, Docter, and Mandell, 1964). Since that time, inquire about has concentrated mostly on how sustenance influences insight. In any case, as Green, Elliman, and Rogers (1995) bring up, the impacts of food hardship on comprehension have gotten nearly less consideration as of late. Running on Empty The generally scanty research on food hardshi p has left space for 4 urther look into. To start with, a great part of the exploration has concentrated either on incessant The specialists clarify how their investigation will include to past research the point. starvation toward one side of the continuum or on missing a solitary dinner at the opposite end (Green et al. , 1995). Second, a portion of the discoveries have been conflicting. One investigation found that skipping breakfast weakens certain parts of comprehension, for example, critical thinking capacities (Pollitt, Lewis, Garza, and Shulman, 1983). Be that as it may, other research by M. W. Green, N. A. Elliman, and P. J.Rogers (1995, 1997) has discovered that food hardship running from missing a solitary feast to 24 hours without eating doesn't fundamentally impede discernment. Third, not all gatherings of individuals have been adequately examined. Studies have been done on 9â€11 year-olds (Pollitt et Clear changes direct perusers through the researchers’ thin king. al. , 1983), hefty subjects (Crumpton, Wine, and Drenick, 1966), school age people (Green et al. , 1995, 1996, 1997), and middle-age guys (Kollar et al. , 1964). Fourth, not every single intellectual angle have been studied.In 1995 Green, Elliman, and Rogers contemplated continued consideration, basic response time, and prompt memory; in 1996 they examined attentional inclination; and in 1997 they contemplated basic response time, two-finger tapping, acknowledgment memory, and free review. In 1983, another examination concentrated on response time and exactness, IQ, and critical thinking (Pollitt et al. ). As indicated by certain scientists, the greater part of the outcomes so far demonstrate that intellectual capacity isn't influenced fundamentally by momentary fasting (Green et al. , 1995, p. 246).However, this end appears to be untimely because of the general absence of research on psychological capacities, for example, fixation and The specialists bolster their choice to c oncentrate on focus and persistence. persistence. Until this point, no investigation has tried constancy, in spite of its significance in psychological working. Truth be told, determination might be a superior pointer than accomplishment tests in surveying development in learning and thinking capacities, as tirelessness helps in tackling complex issues (Costa, 1984). Another investigation likewise perceived that constancy, better learning strategies, and exertion are insights worth examining (D’Agostino, 1996).Testing whatever number parts of discernment as could be expected under the circumstances is key on the grounds that the idea of the assignment is significant when deciphering the connection between food hardship and psychological execution (Smith and Kendrick, 1992). Running on Empty The scientists express their underlying theories. 5 Therefore, the present examination causes us see how transient food hardship influences focus on and tirelessness with a troublesome und ertaking. In particular, members denied of nourishment for 24 hours were relied upon to perform more terrible on a focus test and a constancy task than those denied for 12 hours, who thusly were anticipated to perform more awful than hose who were not denied of food. Strategy Headings and subheadings show the paper’s association. Members Participants included 51 undergrad understudy volunteers (32 females, 19 guys), some of whom got a limited quantity of additional credit in a school course. The mean school grade point normal (GPA) was 3. 19. Potential members were barred in the event that they were consuming less calories, bleeding, or taking extraordinary medicine. The individuals who were battling with or had The experiment’s strategy is portrayed, utilizing the terms and abbreviations of the order. truggled with a dietary problem were rejected, as were potential members dependent on nicotine or caffeine. Materials Concentration speed and precision were estimated ut ilizing an online numbers-coordinating test (www. psychtests. com/tests/level of intelligence/fixation. html) that comprised of 26 lines of 25 numbers each. In a short time, members were required to discover sets of numbers in each line that additional up to 10. Scores were determined as the level of accurately recognized combines out of Passive voice is utilized to underline the investigation, not the scientists; in any case, dynamic voice is utilized. a potential 120.Perseverance was estimated with a riddle that contained five octagonsâ€each of which incorporated a stencil of a particular item, (for example, a creature or a bloom). The octagons were to be put on one another with a particular goal in mind to make the outline of a hare. Nonetheless, three of the shapes were somewhat changed with the goal that the errand was incomprehensible. Persistence scores were determined as the quantity of minutes that a member spent on the riddle task before surrendering. Methodology At an underlying gathering, members gave educated assent. Each assent structure contained an alloted ID number and mentioned the participant’s GPA.Students were then educated that they would be told by email and phone about their task to one of the Running on Empty three trial gatherings. Next, understudies were given a guidance The investigation is spread out bit by bit, with time advances like â€Å"then† and â€Å"next. † 6 sheet. These composed directions, which we likewise read so anyone might hear, clarified the test conditions, explained rules for the food hardship period, and determined the time and area of testing. Members were arbitrarily relegated to one of these conditions utilizing a coordinated triplets configuration dependent on the GPAs gathered at the underlying meeting.This configuration was utilized to control singular contrasts in intellectual capacity. Two days after the underlying gathering, members were educated regarding their gathering task an d its condition and reminded that, on the off chance that they were in a food-denied gathering, they ought not eat anything after 10 a. m. the following day. Members from the benchmark group were tried at 7:30 p. m. in an assigned PC lab on the day the hardship began. Those in the 12-hour bunch were tried at 10 p. m. on that equivalent day. Those in the 24-hour bunch were tried at 10:40 a. m. on the accompanying day.At their appointed time, members showed up at a PC lab for testing. Every member was given writ

Burton 1 Social Club

Burton 1 Social Club Ive mentioned a couple times that, like East Campus, Burton-Conner is first divided into Burton and Conner side, and then from there, into floors from Burton 1 to Burton 5, and from Conner 2 to Conner 5 (Conner 1 includes the housemasters suite). As such, each floor has a pretty defined culture, and while there is clearly no objective way for one to claim one floor is better than another as theyre all so different I feel confident in declaring that Burton 1 is the best floor in Burton-Conner. Maybe even in all the dorms at MIT. Yeah, I said it. BURTON 1 FREAKIN ROCKS. I mean, there are some floors. And then theres Burton 1. Burton 1 is pretty much like the Chuck Norris of all floors. If we were on Heroes, wed be Sylar without all the evilness and serial killer tendencies. Now that Ive established that, we can all go home. I say this lightly, of course there is no substitute to visiting MIT and checking out the different dorms as a prefrosh, or as a freshman, and trying out what works for you. Different places suit different people (which is true not only of living groups but also of universities), so its really fantastic that at MIT, you get to make the choice not only where you live but who you live with. Having a really awesome living group can make all the difference between having an average college experience and an amazing one, and thats why we encourage freshmen so enthusiastically to look around. But my floor works for me. Were a cohesive unit, not just a bunch of people who live together, and I love having a place so filled with quirky, loving individuals to belong to. Theyre the kind of awesome people wholl be up with you until 4 in the morning tearing through your 14.01 psets or if you dont have an 14.01 pset, youll wake up to at least ten emails between people competing to see who stayed up the longest (though whoever wins is pretty much the biggest loser); theyre the kind of family wholl be screaming for you in the stands of your final NCAA volleyball game, with your name and number painted on their chests. Theyll fill your entire room with balloons and herd everyone into the room to wait for you to come home, and then theyll throw an impromptu dance party afterwards because not only is it your birthday, but you also just took your 18.01A final and totally deserve to let off a little steam. And theyll definitely be down for eating $30 worth of Chinese food and watching three hours of Greys Anatomy after youve had the worst two exams of your life and are absolutely exhausted from four straight days of studying (which included missing the floor Halloween party). Its a fantastic place to come home to at the end of the day. Were so cool that we were not only one of the most popular floors in Burton-Conner floor rush (which is similar to dorm rush, in which freshmen traverse the floors to see where theyd like to live and then rank their favorites), but also in IFAF (Inter-Floor Activity Fund) proposals, where each floor proposes an activity (i.e. ice skating, laser tag, mini golf) to attend with another floor, to promote interfloor bonding. Basically, were freakin suite. (Freakin suite being the tagline of the Burton-Conner t-shirt, featuring Peter Griffin from Family Guy, which is a pun on the fact that Burton-Conner has suites rather than just dorms in a hall, and also I totally just ruined the joke by explaining it.) Anyway, our first and biggest IFAF of the year was a weekend in Maine with the Burton 3rd Bombers, who were so much fun to party with, and almost equally as cool :) We rented a house and danced, caught up on sleep, took really good-looking pictures, and even.. studied? Really, theres no use in me talking about how great these people are youd just have to meet them. The best I can do is try to introduce them to you: Partying with Burton 3rd was crazy fun, but we definitely have a lot of intra-floor love, too. Since most of us are going our separate ways this Thursday, our awesome GRT (Graduate Resident Tutor, similar to an RA) Vered (aka V) hosted a Thanksgiving potluck last night at her apartment, at which we all said what we were thankful for (i.e. Dima: Im thankful for the Burton 1 freshmen, without whom I would not have passed 18.03. at least, I think Im passing 18.03..) Another point to how were the best floor ever were not only good-looking, but were also good cooks. V cooked the massive turkey, Steph and Melinda brought two kinds of stuffing, Lauren made homemade orange-cranberry sauce, D. Temp brought TEN pounds of mashed potatoes (which included 4 whole sticks of butter, which we all consumed and promptly died of coronary heart disease), Praveen made tuna cakes, Allin brought his corn souffle courtesy of his moms recipe, Ravi and Jamie made some weird cow pie dish* that was something in between tortillas that I didnt eat because Im (thankfully) a vegetarian.. basically, there was a lot of food and Im kind of still in a food coma, so Im not going to write what everyone brought because I dont want to make you jealous. But I made two pumpkin pies and the best apple torte of your life. Dont be jealous, or anything. In conclusion your living group is REALLY important to your MIT experience. Dont stress if you dont feel like youve chosen the right one its fairly easy to change, since theres always the readjustment lottery (two of the girls in those pictures dont even live here, they just got adopted because they like us. Because were so freakin cool.) And with those mouthwatering pictures in mind happy Thanksgiving! * [ETA 11:01 PM] So my description of Ravi and Jamies cow pie was a little inaccurate. Heres Ravi Guptas eloquent correction as to how to properly depict their dish: And although the turkey is usually considered the centerpiece of a Thanksgiving dinner, those with a keener sense of taste and life in general would have been distracted from something else. A something else that sat silently at a corner of the table, not distrubed by the lack of attention attributed by tradition but quietly confident that it would be soon devoured because of what it was and how it was made. It was a paradise statue sandwiched between two tortillas and surrounded by islands of sour cream and refried beans and silhouted by shot glasses full of Tobasco sauce, soy sauce, A1 steak sauce, and goya and pepper. The center of the top tortilla was glazed with steak sauce but in a way that spelled out the initials of its creators. Because these creators, adventurous and eager, sculpted a testament to deliciousness. Twelve eggs gave their lives, a shot of tequilla leaped into the unknown, two tomatoes danced with a pile of chopped onions while garlic and hints of ginger serenad ed the brute force of a hamburger patty and bacon all just to testify to what was, should always be, and can be again in just under an hour of preparation time. Post Tagged #Burton-Conner House

Benefits Of A Formal Pay Strategy For The Administration...

LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO QUINLAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS GLOBAL HR – HRER 422 WINTER TERM 2015-2016 ASSIGNMENT: Final Exam PROFESSOR: SCOTT, DOW (PHD) Name: PLACIDO, ELIANA Email: (EPLACIDO@LUC.EDU) CellP: 773 – 971 – 4997 1. There are a number of pay philosophies and methods used to pay expatriates including what has called host country, global and home country approaches. What are the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches? Why is the home country approach most often used? What are the limitations of the home country approach? Organizations use pay strategies to assist in the administration of compensation plans. The use of a formal pay strategy allows the assessment and grouping of similar jobs together. Global employers follow different pay strategies because pay strategies are profoundly influenced by different factors such as culture, social contracts, labor relations and management practice. Compensation creates a link between reward and results. Meaning that organizations seek to achieve the return of investments made on employees by motivating and appropriately rewarding them to influence performance, making the design and implementation of effective performance management systems an extremely important aspect of global HRM. The biggest advantage of the strategy to pay locally or host country approach, is that it is designed and implemented to be compliant with the local laws, policies and culture but it may be difficult and not at allShow MoreRelatedCompensation and Benefits1695 Words   |  7 Pages | |Compensation and Benefits | |Human Resource Management Coures | | Employee compensation and benefits are critical factors in the new hire acceptance process andRead MoreHrmt 326 Henderson Printing Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesHenderson Printing Case Study Henderson Printing is a small-to medium sized firm that manufactures account books, ledgers, and various types of record books that are used in business (Long, 2010, p. 512). 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Other functionsRead MoreFast Cat: Phase 3 Essay2870 Words   |  12 PagesCompensation structure for FastCat Executive summary In Phase I we looked at the descriptions of sample jobs at FastCat and proposed a structure for the jobs based on the concepts of internal equity and organizational objectives of innovative product design, improved marketing and cost competitiveness. Based on the content and value of the job descriptions available we had created a tailored and hierarchical structure, which supported the organization strategy, work flow and motivatesRead MoreBackground of Human Resource Management1652 Words   |  7 Pagespersonnel management and human resource management differ. Legge (1995) argues that the difference between the two is very thin and is based on the way people are treated, as the main actor for personnel management, or as a resource part of the company’s strategy for human resource management. Definition ⠝â€" Storey (1994) defines HRM as â€Å"a distinctive approach to employee management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce

A Mercy By Toni Morrison And The Road By Cormac Mccarthy

Religion has had a major impact on humanity for thousands of years. Humans have used religion to explain the unknown or major events that occur in life. In order for religion to exist, one must put faith in its teaching and beliefs in order for the philosophy to have meaning. But, faith does not only apply to religion. In the novels A Mercy by Toni Morrison and The Road by Cormac McCarthy, characters are inspired by faith and reliance in each other and not by faith in religion. Through a close reading of both texts, the reader can see faith as it is functioning as hope in the novels and how the newly defined faith highlights the ineffectiveness of traditional religion. Religion requires faith and trust in God, but how is one supposed to†¦show more content†¦Putting God on terms of humanity, one will look to others for faith when they see that religion has failed, just like how the man seems to have faith in the boy. This idea is also present in A Mercy when Rebekka is sent to Jacob to be his wife. Rebekka comes from a very traditional religious family. Her mother and father are not exactly ideal parents and have been corrupted by religion. Rebakka’s parents abandon her and Rebekka’s lack of faith in religion is obvious: â€Å"Religion, as Rebekka experienced it from her mother, was a flame fueled by a wonderous hatred† (Morrison 87). Now being sent off to Jacob, Rebekka has to put all her faith in Jacob and what he has to offer. Without having faith in a God to provide her with guidance and answers to her situation, Rebekka has to look to Jacob in order to get some direction into her life. They rely on each other for everything and states, â€Å"They leaned on each other root and crown. Needing no one outside their sufficiency† (102). It is important that characters in both novels are not defined by religion and how this freedom from religion allows them to have faith in other characters and not from a God. This allows them to have control over their own decisions and not justify their destiny as an act from God. Even when one tries to put faith in religion, religion still falls short of expectations. Religion is supposed to give a sense of guidance and purpose to

Things You Should Know About The Lovely Bones Essay Topics

Things You Should Know About The Lovely Bones Essay Topics The Debate Over the Lovely Bones Essay Topics It's being distributed by none aside from the family of Mr. Green. Susie Salmon, the major character is utilized inside this instance. There was no wine for those grown-ups. It isn't a person necessarilyit is only a voice that knows all that is happening in the characters' lives. What the Lovely Bones Essay Topics Is - and What it Is Not It is not long before she starts to feel her own isolation and she's trapped in the ideal world'. Proteins created by the liver and sent into the bloodstream are an important part of the practice. How much time does it take to compose a dissertation. A few of the tasks which were associated with long distance travel 2,700 decades ago are too hard for a mere fifteen year-old to achieve in solitude. The increasing number of essay writing services is totally overwhelming. The procedure for replacing old bone with new bone is called remodeling. Though there are problems still to be solved, the procedure is gradually getting more feasible. There's a great deal of positive facets of this film, it is not something I wished to shield our daughter from. The end result is a film which is both satisfying and engaging. It iimpianto almost not possible to think of modern-day life without science. The attractiveness of social media is that the majority of it is free of charge. Though it can be good to ban it from certain schools, others should have the ability to acquire and relish this novel. Everything appears natural and lovely, partly because the director is, in addition, the writer of the novel. Nonetheless, the movie appears almost scared to take care of its source directly. Discuss the way the author's own background is reflected inside this story. The cinematography is merely ineffable, particularly during the intimate scenes. Some scenes are a bit bit disturbing, and others are depressing, which is the reason why it isn't good for younger readers. It deserves all of the praise on earth for a gorgeous story and some authentic performances from everyone. The Hidden Truth About the Lovely Bones Essay Topics It is not just on the excellent things in life. Now, things are most likely too late. The way they are now is a consequence of the things that happened in the past. It means lots of things. Chicken proved to be a fantastic treat anyway. The ideal tasting food has just the correct number of ingredients, so the best stories should also comply with the exact same recipe. What You Should Do to Find Out About the Lovely Bones Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind If you can discover the moment. Not a moment to be delayed. All these dates prove significant. It's alleged to be among the most haunted buildings in the united kingdom. Whatever the situation, the project becomes stuck at 90% done. Attempt to become involved in tree planting in your neighborhood conservation program. The buds are beginning to open on the trees. Excellent job my nose was on the interior of the glass! A bottle of the best whisky sat on a single end of the top shelf. The quetzal is all about the size of a pigeon. the Lovely Bones Essay Topics Explained Just like many species, it's the males that are resplendent, while the females are a little dowdy. The female quetzals are much less conspicuous than males. Nevertheless, women are much more likely to experience domestic violence. There's been extensive consideration of the various roles played by women and men in the commission of crime. This pattern appears to hold true all around the world. The colour white may in reality be a result of a paranormal phenomena called ecto-mist. There have been a lot of depictions of the kappa's appearance, that range from monkey-like to getting a beak and turtle-like shell!

Medical Leave to University Registrar

Question: Describe about the letter for Medical Leave to University Registrar. Answer: To the University Registrar Graduate Building To the University Registrar I kindly make a petition for a retroactive withdrawal from the Fall of Semester 2016 due to medical reasons. This is attributed to the fact that during the second week of fall, the University Health Centre diagnosed me with Mono. Despite the fact that I initially tried my best and kept up with my university courses, I later on felt too tired and therefore fell behind in almost all my class work (Cleland et al, 2016). However, my instructors quite understood and as a result, they actually permitted me to make up my exams and turn in my exam papers late. Even though I was behind the rest of the class, I had a feeling that I could easily make up for the lost work. I was later on hospitalized in a local hospital with pneumonia and realized that I could not make up for the lost work. Under the current circumstances, it is quite apparent that I will not be able for me to complete the class work through the deferred grade deadline. I would highly appreciate if the University Registrar would with its kindness allow me be able to withdraw from the last semester even though I actually missed the set withdrawal deadline (Pit et al, 2016). Please find enclosed with this letter the relevant documentation from the hospital, the health centre, and even another letter from my family and personal doctor. Your help towards my needy situation will be highly appreciated. Thank you for consideration. Yours Sincerely Students Name Works Cited Catalogs, N.C., Student Rights and Responsibilities. Herbert, C., Kent, S., Magennis, P. and Cleland, J., 2016. What causes trainees to leave oral and maxillofacial surgery? A questionnaire survey. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. van de Mortel, T.F., Silberberg, P.L., Ahern, C.M. and Pit, S.W., 2016. Supporting near-peer teaching in general practice: a national survey. BMC medical education, 16(1), p.1.

5 Instances When Interracial Dating Is a Problem

5 Instances When Interracial Dating Is a Problem Interracial dating isnt without its problems, but today interracial relationships enjoy more support in the United States than they have at any point in history. While two decades ago, fewer than half of Americans approved of interracial marriage, now 65 percent of all Americans support such relationships, and 85 percent of young people do. Attitudes toward interracial marriage are so progressive that some people prefer to exclusively date interracially. But are they doing so for the wrong reasons? There are a number of reasons not to date interracially, including for social status, because it’s trendy or to remedy a rocky love life. Dating interracially with misguided motives will inevitably lead to problems. To End the Losing Streak in Your Love Life You’ve dated a long line of losers- deadbeats, cheaters, manipulators. They all belonged to your racial group, so you figure you’ll have better luck dating someone of a different race. That’s because deadbeats, cheaters and manipulators only come in one color, right? If only things were that simple. The reality is that you’ll have to do much more than land a love interest with a different skin tone from yours to end destructive dating patterns. The answer to your romance problems isn’t crossing the color line but examining why you’re drawn to inappropriate partners. To Gain Status The idea of dating interracially to gain social status may seem peculiar. After all, interracial couples face discrimination that may lead to distinct disadvantages. Because the United States remains racially stratified, however, it’s considered advantageous for members of oppressed groups to pair up with those of more powerful groups. From the Antebellum Era on, such partnerships have allowed people of color to gain access to a quality of life that likely would’ve eluded them otherwise. Although today racial minorities can largely succeed in society on their own, some elite people of color may feel the need to score a spouse from another race to boost their image or better fit into the corporate landscape. As noted in the short story collection You Are Free, â€Å"The world out there insisted as soon as a black man made it, he should marry a white woman. As soon as a black woman made it, she should marry a white man.† No one should date interracially due to external pressures. If Barack Obama won his presidential campaign with a black woman at his side, it’s certainly not necessary for, say, a businessman to date interracially for the purpose of upward mobility. In an ideal world, people wouldn’t enter romantic relationships for what they stand to gain from their partners. This isn’t to say that every successful minority who dates or marries interracially does so with ulterior motives. But just as some high-powered men pursue trophy wives, some members of minority groups pursue mates from the dominant culture for status. Everyone Else Doing It Wherever you look, you see interracial couples. Your friends, colleagues and relatives are all dating interracially or have in the past. Given this, you decide to take the plunge as well. After all, you don’t want to be the odd one out or, even worse, the boring one. Soon, you’re visiting interracial dating websites, and prospective dates from a variety of racial groups lie at your fingertips. Why isn’t this a wise move? The race of your date shouldn’t be the main draw for you nor should your dating patterns be influenced by what’s trendy now. The common interests and chemistry you have with a person should be the driving force for your decision to pursue a relationship. Interracial couples face real challenges. The person who becomes part of such pair because it’s hip or trendy won’t be prepared to deal with them. Rebellion Many parents tell children outright which racial groups they approve of them dating and which racial groups they forbid them to date. Actress Diane Farr is a case in point. Now married to a Korean-American man, Farr had been told growing up that her boyfriends could only be German, Irish, French or Jewish. No blacks and no Puerto Ricans, though, or you are out of my house, Farr recalled her mother saying. Farr did go on to date black and Puerto Rican men, however, and her parents came around. Farr defied her parents’ dating rules because she formed genuine connections with men from minority backgrounds. Some people, in contrast, flout their parents’ wishes simply to rebel. No child should feel pressured to go along with their parents’ racist beliefs. At the same time, it’s irresponsible to seek out partners you know your parents would disapprove of just to rebel against them. The mates you seek out certainly won’t appreciate being used as fodder in the war with your parents. If you disagree with your parents’ views on race, challenge them directly by broaching discussions about the issue with them. And if you and your parents have other problems, don’t try to hurt them by dating interracially. You’ll only end up hurting your date and yourself for behaving so insensitively. You Feel Inferior It’s no secret that society fosters a sense of inferiority in certain racial groups. This leads some members of minority groups to experience self-hatred. Such people are not only ashamed of their culture but of the physical features they have that reflect that culture. If they could erase every trait that singles them out as belonging to their minority group, they would. Since that’s impossible, they settle for seemingly second best- coupling up with someone from a different race to make them feel better about themselves or to produce children without their telltale ethnic features. A person this insecure is unlikely to make a good partner. As the old saying goes, you can’t love someone until you love yourself. Rather than dating across ethnic lines for validation, such people need to learn how to feel better about who they are. Seeking therapy, reading up on their cultural background and surrounding themselves with positive images related to their ethnic group may help.

Example Sentences of the Verb Leave in English

Example Sentences of the Verb Leave in English This page provides example sentences of the verb leave in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form leave / Past Simple left / Past Participle left / Gerund leaving Present Simple I usually leave for work at seven in the morning. Present Simple Passive Books are left on the desk at the front of the room. Present Continuous Mary is leaving for London today. Present Continuous Passive The city is being left by thousands this week. Present Perfect She hasnt left for the meeting yet. Present Perfect Passive The city hasnt been left by everybody yet. Present Perfect Continuous She has been leaving reminders around the house for years. Past Simple I left for work early yesterday morning. Past Simple Passive The magazine was left on the table yesterday afternoon. Past Continuous We were leaving for our vacation when they arrived. Past Continuous Passive The tourists were being left behind when the tour guide noticed they were missing. Past Perfect They had already left home when we got there. Past Perfect Passive The ticket had been left behind so he couldnt come. Past Perfect Continuous She had been leaving him reminders for a while before he remembered to take out the trash. Future (Will) Alice will leave soon. Future (Will) Passive The book will be left by the student. Future (Going To) We are going to leave on Friday. Future (Going To) Passive The house is going to be left by the visitors next week. Future Continuous This time next week we will be leaving on vacation. Future Perfect She will have left him by the end of next month. Future Possibility She might leave at the end of the week. Real Conditional If she leaves him, he will be very unhappy. Unreal Conditional If she left him, he would be very unhappy. Past Unreal Conditional If she had left him, he would have been very unhappy. Present Modal You can leave at any time. Past Modal They must have left early.

Unionization and the Nursing Profession Term Paper

Unionization and the Nursing Profession - Term Paper Example In my opinion, unionization does not conflict with a professional nursing orientation. In other words, unionization aligns with nursing orientation. According to Gordon (2009), "Nurses in most industrialized countries also belong to unions which bargain with management about workplace issues like wages, hours, benefits, and working conditions" (p. 280). It is worth noting that unions also attend to performance and action plan matters. As newly registered nurses therefore are assimilated into the nursing profession, there is need for solid institutions particularly unions that champion their rights. Otani et-al (2009) elucidates the fact that unionization gives nursing managers a greater voice in terms of making pronouncements. This is important for both nurse and patients. Through improving the decision making capacity of nurse leaders, a manager is able to improve working conditions and hence improved job performance and job satisfaction among nurses. In essence the role of nursing managers is to deal with all emerging nursing issues, espouse inventive initiatives, and ensure all nursing practices align with organization objectives. To achieve this managers require power and control. Unionization unites or merges all nurses from all corners of the world and hence managers are able to mobilize enough support when change is needed (Benson, 2010). To transition from one circumstance to another in a unionized setting, it is imperative for a manager to understand certain issues. As a manager, it would be required of me to examine or evaluate policy guidelines for both nurses represented by unions and for those not represented by unions. Actions plans aimed at transitioning ought to be analogous for both groups in order to avoid conflicts (Benson, 2010). Weber (2011) notes that examining and comprehending guidelines for various unions would also be important as it would ensure effective and timely conflict resolution as per

Samsung's Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Samsung's Marketing Strategy - Essay Example Finally, and most relevant to this paper is Samsungs global Marketing Strategy. How has Samsung positioned itself to benefit where its competitors have failed? How much has the constant rollout of new products ensured that Samsung is an ever fresh brand? History of Samsung It has already been mentioned, the mobile phone arm of this global giant is a part of the much larger Samsung Group. The parent company was founded, in 1938, by Lee Byung–chull. It is currently a publicly listed company. At inception, the company dealt in groceries. Today, Samsung is a by-name for sleek electronics and heavy machinery. The company expanded and was moved to Seoul in 1947. However, the Korean War intervened and the company was closed. The founder later re-opened under the name Cheil Mojik. It was not dealing in groceries anymore. Instead, it dealt in woolen mill. It was the largest mill in South Korea at that time. The stage had been set for Samsung’s rich manufacturing heritage. The co mpany diversified into several fields. The company always sought to be the leader in every market. Along the same vein, Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 60s. Its first product was a black and white television set. Later on, in 1977, the company entered the telecommunications industry. By the end of 2011, Samsung had sold over 300 million mobile phone devices worldwide. By so doing, it overtook Nokia. However, the competition is not over. Smartphone’s are said to be the next frontier in global telephony. How Samsung approaches this market depends very much on the development strategy it has adapted till now. The current development strategy will be under review below. Development of Samsung Samsung Telecommunications is a fairly recent entrant... It has already been mentioned, the mobile phone arm of this global giant is a part of the much larger Samsung Group. The parent company was founded, in 1938, by Lee Byung–chull. It is currently a publicly listed company. At inception, the company dealt in groceries. Today, Samsung is a by-name for sleek electronics and heavy machinery. The company expanded and was moved to Seoul in 1947. However, the Korean War intervened and the company was closed. The founder later re-opened under the name Cheil Mojik. It was not dealing with groceries anymore. Instead, it dealt in the woolen mill. It was the largest mill in South Korea at that time. The stage had been set for Samsung’s rich manufacturing heritage. The company diversified into several fields. The company always sought to be the leader in every market. Along the same vein, Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 60s. Its first product was a black and white television set. Later on, in 1977, the company ent ered the telecommunications industry. By the end of 2011, Samsung had sold over 300 million mobile phone devices worldwide. By so doing, it overtook Nokia. However, the competition is not over. Smartphones are said to be the next frontier in global telephony. How Samsung approaches this market depends very much on the development strategy it has adapted till now. The current development strategy will be under review below. Samsung Telecommunications is a fairly recent entrant compared to some of its main competitors.

Enhanced Oil Recovery By In Situ Combustion Environmental Sciences Essay

Enhanced Oil Recovery By In Situ Combustion Environmental Sciences Essay Enhanced oil recovery is oil recovery by the injection of materials not normally present in the reservoir. In situ Combustion (ISC) is the process of an enhanced oil recovery process to improve the recovery of heavy crude oil. As it is the oldest thermal recovery technique, it has been used for over nine decades with many economically successful projects. Nevertheless, it is regarded as a high-risk process by many, primarily because of many failures of early field tests. Most of those failures came from application of a good process (ISC) to the wrong reservoirs or to the poorest prospects. This paper contains a description of ISC, a discussion of laboratory screening techniques, an illustration of how to apply laboratory results to field design, a discussion of operational practices and problems, and an analysis of field results. For complete review, the case study is done on Balol and Santhal fields in Mehsana. In-situ combustion has been known since 1888. Mendeleev was the first scientist to suggest the in-situ conversion of coal into combustible gases. Based on the earlier laboratory results, Sheinman and Dubrovai in 1934 proposed the processed the process of oil displacement by means of a moving underground fire-front. A number of field tests, were performed in various regions in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The results from these tests indicated that the heat losses were large, therefore the injected hot gases reached the formation zone with zero thermal energy. These studies however were followed by laboratory research field tests and development of mathematical models to simulate in-situ combustion as a result of which this process has been recognized and can be used as a promising method of recovering heavy oil from petroleum reservoirs. The principle of in-situ combustion is to achieve combustion within the pores of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir, burning part of the oil in place in order to improve the flow of the unburned part. Combustion is supported by the injection of air into the reservoir at one or more wells. The heat generated during combustion is sufficient to raise the rock to a high enough temperature to enable the combustion front to self propagate after initial ignition by increasing mobility of the fluid. Methodology The in-situ combustion process was applied to petroleum reservoirs depending on wide range of characteristics like Nature of formation, depth, temperature, reservoir thickness, permeability, porosity and oil saturation in order to recover oil. Pressure is also a factor but not much critical. The process was applied in reservoirs with average permeability ranging from 40 to 8000mD, whereas the oil saturation varied from 25 to 95%. In addition fuel content is one of the most important factors influencing the success of a fireflood process. The fuel content of the reservoir is the amount of coke available for combustion that is deposited on reservoir rock as a result of distillation and thermal cracking. If the fuel content is too low, the combustion process in the reservoir cannot be self sustained. Moreover, a high fuel content requires a large amount of air and high power cost which means low oil production. Gates and Ramey (1980) compared the estimated fuel content by various methods including laboratory results with that of field project data. It has been shown that fuel content determined experimentally in the laboratory by tube -run method can provide a reasonably good estimation of the fuel content obtained in the field. In situ combustion is basically injection of an oxidizing gas (air or oxygen-enriched air) to generate heat by burning a portion of the resident oil. Most of the oil is driven towards the producers by a combination of gas drive (from the combustion gases), steam and water drive. This process is also called fire flooding to describe the movement of a burning front inside the reservoir. Based on the respective directions of front propagation and air flow, the process can be forward, when the combustion front advances in the same direction as the air flow, or reverse, when the front moves against the air flow. Reverse Combustion This process has been studied extensively in laboratories and has been field tested. In brief, it has not been successful economically for two major reasons. First, combustion started at the producer results in hot produced fluids that often contain unreacted oxygen. These conditions require special, high-cost tubular to protect against high temperatures and corrosion. More oxygen is required to propagate the front compared to forward combustion, thus increasing the major cost of operating an in situ combustion project. Second, unreacted, coke-like heavy ends will remain in the burned portion of the reservoir. At some time in the process the coke will start to burn and the process will revert to forward combustion with considerable heat generation but little oil production. This has occurred even in carefully controlled laboratory experiments. In summary reverse combustion has been found difficult to apply and economically unattractive. Forward Combustion Forward combustion can be further characterized as dry when only air or enriched air are injected or wet when air and water are co-injected. Dry Forward Combustion The first step in dry forward ISC is to ignite the oil. In some cases auto-ignition occurs when air injection begins if the reservoir temperature is fairly high and the oil reasonably reactive. Artificial Ignition has been induced using down hole gas burners, electrical heaters, and/or injection of pyrophoric agents or steam injection. Figure : schematic illustration of the in-situ combustion process (Source) After ignition the combustion front is propagated by a continuous flow of air. As the front progresses into the reservoir, several zones exist between injector and producer as a result of heat and mass transport and the chemical reactions. The above figure is an idealized representation of the various zones and the resulting temperature and fluid saturation distributions. In the field there are transitions between zones. A. The burned zone is the volume already burned. This zone is filled with air and may contain small amounts of residual unburned organic solids. As it has been subjected to high temperatures, mineral alterations are possible. Because of the continuous airflow from the injector, the burned zone temperature increases from injected air temperature at the injector to combustion front temperature at the combustion front. B. The combustion front is the highest temperature zone. It is very thin, often no more than several inches thick. It is in this region that oxygen combines with the fuel and high temperature oxidation occurs. The products of the burning reactions are water and carbon oxides. The fuel is often misnamed coke. In fact it is not pure carbon but a hydrocarbon with H/C atomic ratios ranging from about 0.6 to 2.0. This fuel is formed in the thermal cracking zone just ahead of the front and is the product of cracking and pyrolisis which is deposited on the rock matrix. The amount of fuel burned is an important parameter because it determines how much air must be injected to burn a certain volume of reservoir. C/D. The cracking/vaporization zone is downstream of the front. The crude is modified in this zone by the high temperature of the combustion process. The light ends vaporize and are transported downstream where they condense and mix with the original crude. The heavy ends pyrolize, resulting in CO2 , CO, hydrocarbon gases and solid organic fuel deposited on the rock. E. The steam plateau. This is the zone where some of the hydrocarbon vapors condense. Most of those condense further downstream as the steam condenses. The steam plateau temperature depends on the partial pressure of the water in the gas phase. Depending on the temperature the original oil may undergo a mild thermal cracking, often named visbreaking that usually reduces oil viscosity. F. A water bank exists at the leading edge of the steam plateau where the temperature is less than steam saturation temperature. This water bank decreases in temperature and saturation downstream, with a resulting increase in oil saturation. G. The oil bank. This zone contains most of the displaced oil including most of the light ends that result from thermal cracking. H. Beyond these affected areas is the undisturbed original reservoir. Gas saturation will increase only slightly in this area because of the high mobility of combustion gases. Wet Forward Combustion A large amount of heat is stored in the burned zone during dry forward in situ combustion, because the low heat capacity of air cannot transfer that heat efficiently. Water injected with the air can capture and advance more heat stored in the burned zone. During wet combustion injected water absorbs the heat from the burned zone, vaporizes, moves through the burning front and condenses, expanding the steam plateau. This results in faster heat movement and oil displacement. Depending on the water/air ratio, wet combustion is classified as: (1) incomplete when the water is converted into superheated steam and recovers only part of the heat from the burned zone, (2) normal when all the heat from the burned zone is recovered, and (3) quenched or super wet when the front temperature declines as a result of the injected water. ISC requires particular attention to air compression, ignition, well design, completion, and production practices. Air compression causes high temperatures because of the high c p / cv ratio of air. Compressor design must consider these high temperatures to ensure continuous, sustained operations free from the corrosive effects of air and the explosion hazards of some lubricating fluids. Mineral oils are not recommended. Synthetic lubricants withstand the higher temperatures and offer lower volatility and flammability than conventional lubricants. In order to achieve the combustion in the petroleum reservoir, mainly Spontaneous ignition and Artificial ignition are the two methods that are used for heavy oil recovery. Ignition can occur spontaneously if the oil is reactive, the reservoir temperature high enough, and the reservoir is reasonably thick. Down hole gas-fired burners allow good control of the temperature of injected gases and may be operated at a greater depth than other methods. The disadvantages include the need to run multiple tubing strings in the injection wells. Catalytic heaters run at lower temperatures but are expensive. Electrical heaters can be lowered with a single cable, and can provide excellent temperature control. They can be reused repeatedly. There is, however, a depth limitation because of electrical power losses in the cable. Chemically enhanced ignition may require handling and storage of dangerous materials. Steam may be used to locally increase reservoir temperature and facilitate auto ignition . It suffers from depth limitation because of wellbore heat losses, but when the conditions are right it can be a very simple and effective method for ignition. Combustion process was also employed as primary and tertiary recovery processes. Applications In situ combustion can be applied to many different reservoirs. Some suggested screening guidelines are: Nature of the Formation : The rock type is not important provided that the matrix/oil system is reactive enough to sustain combustion. As in any drive process, high permeability streaks are detrimental. Swelling clays may be a problem in the steam plateau area. Depth: Depth should be large enough to ensure containment of the injected air in the reservoir. There is no depth limit, except that this may affect the injection pressure. Pressure: Pressure will affect the economics of the process, but does not affect the technical aspects of combustion. Temperature: Temperature will affect auto ignition but is otherwise not critical. Reservoir Thickness: Thickness should be greater than about 4m (15 ft) 2,3 to avoid excessive heat losses to surrounding formations. Very thick formations may present sweep efficiency problems because of gravity override. Permeability: This has to be sufficient to allow injection of air at the designed air flux. The air injectivity is especially important for heavy oil reservoirs. Conditions are favorable when kh /ÃŽÂ ¼ is greater than about 5md m/cp.3 Porosity and Oil Saturation: These have to be large enough to allow economic oil recovery. The product, à Ã¢â‚¬   So , needs to be greater than 0.08 for combustion to be economically successful. Oil Gravity: This parameter is not critical. Insitu viscosity has to be low enough to allow air injection and resulting oil production at the design rate. Oil Nature: In heavy oil projects the oil should be readily oxidizable at reservoir and rock matrix conditions. The laboratory experiments can also determine the amount of air needed to burn a given reservoir volume. This is key to the profitability of the process. Current Status of In-Situ Combustion The in-situ combustion process is attractive economically, provided it is applied to petroleum reservoirs containing approximately 50% oil saturation. The fuel content is one of the important parameters for combustion support at a relatively low air/oil ratio. Although laboratory experiments can provide some basic understanding of the process, the primary evaluation factor is a field application before the process is employed on a large scale. The present status of oil production by in-situ combustion in the United States is nearly 11,000 bbl/day. The commercial dry ISC project at Romania is the largest project of its kind and it has been in operation for more than 34 years. The Balol and Santhal projects in India have been in operation for more than seven years and have been applied in a wet mode. Currently, combined all these three projects produce approximately 2300m3 /day. It is likely that very little laboratory research can be performed to improve the displacement efficiency of this process. With continued improvement of the in-situ combustion technology, it is almost certain that some form of this process, such as dry, wet, and partially quenched combustion, will find greater application in the coming years. Currently, commercial In situ combustion projects are Economic Evaluation It is recognized that the success or failure of an enhanced oil recovery process depends on the economic evaluation. An economic study completed by Wilson and Root (1966), which is based on a modified form of two-dimensional model presented by Chu, compares the cost of heating a reservoir. The cost comparison was studied for a reservoir either in the presence of steam injection or forward combustion without oil production. The main consideration was to determine heating cost of the same dimensions of a reservoir by either steam injection or by forward combustion. The following conclusions were drawn from this study; (1) Combustion is favored over steam injection as the sand thickness decreases the pressure increase. (2) As the coke deposition increases, steam injection is favored over the combustion process. (3) As the heated distance in the reservoir increases, reservoir heating by combustion is more favorable as compared to steam injection. (4) Decreased injection rated favors the cost of steam injection relative to air. (5) Increased wellbore losses with increasing depth favor combustion. Conclusions It has been shown that in-situ combustion process is suitable to displace oils of gravities greater than 10 degree API. The average oil recovery by employing in-situ combustion is 50%. The major amount of oil is recovered before breakthrough of the combustion zone. For heavy oils, about 50% crude oil recovery occurs after breakthrough, whereas low-viscosity oil production declines very rapidly following breakthrough. The breakthrough of combustion zone can be recognized by an increase in gas production and its oxygen content. This is followed by a sharp increase ranging from 100 degree to 200 degree Fahrenheit in bottom hole temperature. In addition, the increase in water cut of the produced oil also indicates the breakthrough of the combustion zone. At the same time, pH of the produced water decreases, which is usually due to increase in the content of ions such as iron and sulphate. CASE STUDY IN-SITU COMBUSTION AT MEHSANA, GUJARAT. Mehsana asset, located in the northern part of Gujarat state in India is the highest oil producing onshore asset of ONGC with annual crude oil production of 2.35 MMT. Its having oil fields producing both heaviest crude and the lightest crude in India with API gravity ranging from 13ËÅ ¡ 42ËÅ ¡. Balol and Santhal fields form a part of this heavy oil belt with a API gravity 15ËÅ ¡-18ËÅ ¡. Balol and Santhal field encompass 22.17 MMT and 53.56 MMT of oil in place respectively. The crude is asphaltic in nature containing 6-8% asphaltene and the oil viscosity ranges from 50-450 cps at reservoir pressure of 100 kg/cm ² and 70ËÅ ¡ C temperature. Reservoirs have the permeability of the order of 3-8 darcies and are operating under active water drive. Subsequent Artificial lift methods resulted into high water production than oil. In many wells it became 95-100% and some wells had to be closed due to high water cut. The poor primary and secondary necessitated for In- Situ combustion technique in these fields. Exploitation of heavy oil from these heavy oil fields was a challenge for Mehsana asset. Based on results of laboratory studies, the In-situ combustion process was identified as the most suitable technique for enhancing the recovery from these fields. PILOT SCHEME A pilot test was designed and initiated in 5.5 acre area of southern part of Balol field in 1990-91. The first well CP#10 and thereafter Balol#171 were ignited with the help of foreign experts. The sustained combustion and production gain from nearby producers lead to conceptualization of the commercialization schemes in entire Balol field. In another attempt, a pilot scheme was also designed for Lanwa oil field and an inverted five slot pattern with four producer wells had been ignited in 1992. At present the commercialization of the scheme is in progress to enhance the production from the field. A pilot scheme is also running since 2002 in Bechraji field with four EOR injectors. COMMERCIAL SCHEMES Based on the techno-economic success of Balol Pilot project, commercial schemes were designed for entire Balol field for exploitation of heavy oil. Considering the similarities between the Balol and Santhal oil fields, this EOR technique has been implemented on a commercial scale in 1997 both at Balol and Santhal fields. Presently four commercial schemes viz. Balol Ph-1, Santhal Ph-1, Balol Main and Santhal Main are running successfully. Till date total 61 wells have been ignited in Balol and Santhal under these commercial schemes. More wells are in line for conversion into EOR injectors. For commercial exploitation of Balol and Santhal fields using In-situ combustion technique, four major air compressor plants, two, each in Balol and Santhal fields were set up. These plants supply compressed air to injector wells at reservoir conditions. Compressors except emergency air compressors at all the plants run on electricity. Combined installed capacity of these four plants is of compressing 4.9 NMm3/day air at maximum pressure of 123 Kg/cm2. Since water is required to be injected subsequently during wet phase, facilities for water treatment and injection are also installed in the respective plants. All these four plants are connected to each other with an integrated air grid network for better utilization of resources. A mobile unit called Ignition trailer is being used to initiate ignition process. Gas burners are used for artificial ignition in Mehsana. RESULTS After implementation of the technique, decline in production from Balol and Santhal fields was arrested. A number of wells have started flowing on self which were in artificial mode prior to in-situ combustion process. Production testing data of affected wells show the gradual increase in liquid production and decrease in water cut resulting increase in net oil production. Presently EOR gain from both the fields in the tune of 1200 TPD and air injection is in tune of 1.4MM Nm3/d. Production performance of these fields shows the gradual increase in oil production and decrease in W/C% with increasing number of injectors/air injection rate. It has not only given a new lease of life to Balol and Santhal fields but has also increased the oil recovery factor by 2-3 folds from 6-13% to 39-45%. OTHER HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROJECT ONGC is one of the few organizations in the world, which has taken up In-situ combustion process on such a large scale. Total 68 wells have been converted in EOR injectors at Mehsana Asset so far. Most of the EOR injectors are old producer wells. They have been converted to injector wells after proper washing and cleaning of wells. Ignition is being done in the reservoir at an average depth of 990 meters, having 100 Kg/cm2 pressure and 70 degree Celsius temperature. Present Air-Oil ratio in these fields is about 1160 Nm3/m3 and Air-Oil ratio on cumulative basis it stands at 985 Nm3/m3, which indicates quite good efficiency of ISC process. Figure : Production profiles of Santhal and Balol fields (Source) MAJOR ISSUES Occurrence of Auto-Ignition: In Mehsana Gas burner is being used for artificial ignition. In this method air is injected through the annulus and natural gas through tubing. An aluminum plug fitted at the tip of burner prevents air and gas to mix. The plug pops out when gas injection pressure is more than air injection pressure and forms gas-air mixture at the bottom. A pyrophoric chemical is being used to initiate the flame. At well no. Balol # A on 1998 the burner caught fire without lowering pyrophoric liquid. Burner temperature shot up to 910 degree Celsius and was soon controlled by ignition tem members. There was no damage to thermocouple and down-hole assembly in this well. After this incidence auto ignition occurred successively in another three wells. In last two wells Santhal #B and Balol # C, thermocouple got damaged. Ignition experts were unable to establish the reason and remedy for auto ignition. Due to this failure, ONGC had completely suspended all the ignition operations fearing further auto igni tion and damage to thermocouple. A close study of all four cases of auto ignition revealed that gas injection was used to be done at full discharge rate of gas compressor. Due to this sudden release of huge amount of gas, a very rich mixture of air and gas forms making situation vulnerable for auto ignition. To overcome this problem, ignition team came up with an idea to put a cushion of an inert gas in the tubing before starting gas injection. At the time of plug pop up, now this inert gas release first afterwards natural gas comes in contact with air. This cushion provide ample time between plug pop up and release of natural gas which facilitate in regulating the gas injection rate to prevent formation of unwanted combustible mixture. The whole idea was put up before the management which was promptly agreed and broke the dead lock of suspended ignitions. After adoption of this technique till date no case of auto ignition encountered. EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF AIR COMPRESSOR Compression of air at high pressure is a costly affair because of huge consumption of electricity. To minimize this wastage of energy and for optimize the utilization of air compressors, it was thought to connect all the four plants with a common air grid. Subsequently the air grid was constructed using 6 and 4 dia pipelines as required. Now compressors are being run as per the total air requirement. By using this grid, on an average INR 2.0 Crores per month (USD 5.3 million per annum) are being saved as electricity charges. FAILURE OF AFTER COOLER OF AIR COMPRESSOR Running of large air compressor is difficult in India especially during summer due to high temperature. It may lead to explosion at compressed air piping due to accumulation of carryover lubricants and high discharge temperature. Two incidents of bursting of 3rd stage (Final stage) after coolers of HP compressor had taken place at a compressor plant of Santhal field. As a remedy synthetic lubricant has been introduced. Further regular chemical cleaning of the lines is being carried-out and monitoring of operational parameters has been intensified. OOZING OF AIR/FLUE GASES In Mehsana, mostly old wells were used for injection as well as for production. In some cases failure of casing or cementation have observed and has caused pressure built-up in outer casing and even in some cases oozing of gases/air from well site has also been observed. The remedies are 1) New additives for cementation (like thermal cements and calcium aluminates) have been introduced which help to withstand higher temperatures. 2) It is recommended to cement the casing to the full depth in case of new injector wells to prevent the risk of coming out of gas into overlying permeable layers. 3) It is suggested by IEOT (ONGC Institute) to have casing of API 5CT L-80 13 Cr steel in new injector wells and tubing in all wells. 4) New injector wells are being drilled to suit specially for in-situ combustion. 5) Regular monitoring of injection pressure, annulus pressure and outer casing pressure. Research Work Figure : showing the working model made in the laboratory The working model for the In situ combustion was made in laboratory. In this model Injection well and the production well is present on the left and right side respectively, gas injection at high pressure, igniter is taken as the kitchen lighter, test tube is made as an artificial reservoir and ignition zone near the artificial reservoir and also the temperature showing device at the bottom of the production well. This model can be compared to the real conditions with the help of the following diagram. Figure : In situ combustion process (source) There were many challenges during the modeling. These challenges were faced according to the need, economy and the factors available. For example reservoir simulation was not perfect, combustion zone was not able to be built exactly in the pores due to lack of oxygen supply. Hence I discover that this process is very economical as compared to other EOR processes but it is very risky as injection of gas should be done at correct place and ignition should be controlled then this process acts as magic recover the oil to 65%. I was successful in recovering the oil but the simulation problem was a main constraint of this working model as that requires a whole laboratory for its working. Hence according to my research heat loss should be minimum, combustion should be in controlled manner are the major challenges that should be overcome. And these can be overcome by calculating the area in which injection is to be done and what should be the ignition system use for ignition (whether a chemical can be used, artificial igniter at the combustion can be used or if the temperature of the bottom of the hole is very high that can give spontaneous ignition) should be preplanned according to the condition. The latest and important factor is the chemical injection to ignite the heavy crude oil, let us suppose the oil present there is very heavy oil that cannot be directly ignited; for that situation a chemical can be injected inside which will burn first and then increases the temperature of the respective zone to such an extent that the oil present there will ignite and the further process should start.

The Internet Invention Essay -- Essays Papers

The Internet Invention The history of every great invention is based on a lot of pre-history. In the case of the World-Wide Web, there are two lines to be traced: the development of hypertext, or the computer-aided reading of electronic documents, and the development of the Internet protocols which made the global network possib le. The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Today, terms like "names@computer.org" and "http://www.acm.org" trip lightly off the tongue of the random person on the street. The Internet today is a widespread information infrastructure, the initial prototype of what is often called the National (or Global or Galactic) Information Infrastructure1. Its history is complex and involves many aspects technological, organizational, and community. And its influence reaches not only to the technical fields of computer communications but throughout society as we move toward increasing use of online tools to accomplish electronic commer... ... of the ACM. v40n2 Feb 1997. p.102-108. 6. O'Malley, Michael and Roy Rosenzweig, "Brave New World or Blind Alley? American History of the World Wide Web." Journal of American History 1997 84(1): 132-155. 7. Regoli, Michael. " Webstorians: Historians and the World Wide Web." OAH Newsletter 1995 23(3): 1, 8-9. 8. Rosenzweig, Roy. "Wizards, bureaucrats, warriors, and hackers: Writing the history of the Internet." The American Historical Review. v103n5 Dec 1998. p.1530-1552 9. Silver, David. "Interfacing American Culture: The perils and Potentials of Virtual Exhibitions." American Quarterly 1997 49(4): 825-850. 10. Thompsen, Philip. "Toward a Public Lane on the Information Superhighway: A Media Performance Analysis of the Community-Wide Education and Information Service Initiative." DAI 1998 58(8): 2894-A. DA9806152

Fast Food in the United States Essay

Food prepared quickly for consumers is how we define fast food. Fast food restaurants main purpose is to provide food in a short amount of time for the customers. They are inexpensive, quick, and convenient. The first or the earliest fast food restaurant that had started this fast food chain is the infamous McDonalds. The first McDonalds was not how the current one is like now. It was actually a restaurant that served barbeque foods in the 1940s. The brothers, Dick and Maurice McDonald were the first ones to come up with the idea of â€Å"eating quickly†. Therefore, they developed the idea of preparing food in a speed like way and so they changed their menus and started with hamburgers, french fries, and milkshakes. The business was successful and the brothers decided to expand their company and therefore opened their restaurants in different locations (Ganzel, 2007). Although fast food is inexpensive and convenient, consuming too much of it can impact the human health and environment. McDonalds is the most popular fast food chain. Currently, every McDonald is open in every state in the U. S. not to mention internationally too. We see McDonalds everywhere even if we go on a road-trip there will be McDonalds in the middle of nowhere. McDonalds is located in every local area for convenience. Since it is very convenient, many American consumers would drop by because it is quick and easy. Fast food chain expanded very quickly because it became high in demand because of the convenience (USDA). Thus, more and more people with busy lives start to rely on them because they are fast and ready to go. According to CBS news, in the year of 2009 â€Å"Americans spend over $110 billion on fast food more than they’ll spend on movies, books, magazines, etc. , every day about one quarter of the U. S. population eats fast food. † This shows that many Americans have become highly obsessed with fast foods. Since this article was published in 2009, then in 2012 Americans most likely would spend more. The price of each meal attracts consumers, making them believe that having more amount of food for that price is a great deal. Those who are in financial crisis rely on these fast food chains to survive. That is why fast food businesses like McDonalds are very successful. Their advertisement also targets children by including toy figures in the meal, which entices them to consume the meals. I’m sure that many children in the U. S. has eaten McDonalds, even I used to love eating them when I was a kid. I loved to collect the toys from happy meals, and in order to collect them I had to consume their meals. Since McDonalds attracts many children, nowadays children are having the issue of obesity. Even though McDonalds and other food chains are very convenient and inexpensive, however it can lead to other problems such as our health. Money is important in life and without money surviving in this society would be difficult, however health should be the priority in life. I believe that being healthy should be our number one priority instead of money. Being healthy allows us to earn profits so that we can live an easier life. If something were to happen, then we would have to spend an enormous amount of money to recover our health. Therefore, staying healthy can help conserve money. Consuming fast foods frequently can affect the health of the individual. According to the National Institutes of Health, adolescents who often eat at fast-food restaurants tend to gain additional weight and have a higher chance of increasing insulin resistance. If they continue to frequent at these fast food chains then there could be a high risk of attaining type 2 diabetes. Diabetes can also be the cause of heart disease (NIH). The reason why people can gain weight so easily through frequent fast food consumption is because of the calories intake. They consume more calories than they usually need per day, and whatever that is left over, the extra becomes fat especially foods that have trans fat in them. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the U. S. population that consumes fast foods which contains sodium exceeds the amount the body needs. Excessive sodium consumption increases blood pressure, which is a high possibility in getting heart diseases and strokes. CDC stated, â€Å"51% and 27% of sodium consumed came from foods obtained at fast food/pizza restaurants. † People need to value their eating habits, the alternative from fast food chains to home made foods can make a great difference in life. The infamous McDonalds food productions are similar to all of the other fast food restaurants. According to food safety magazine, McDonalds purchase their ingredients from different suppliers. They work with not just hundreds but thousands of suppliers so that the foods would be stocked up. The meat, bread, vegetables, and packaging all have their own factories (Food Safety Magazine, 2006). Each one of them produce that certain product and McDonalds purchases it from them and puts all the ingredients together then serve it to the customers. McDonalds food production process is not simple, for example they not only have to produce the food but also test every single one of them. â€Å" The McDonald’s system requires constant quality checks throughout the supply chain process and proven traceability programs, at least one step back to the ingredient supplier, and in some cases, tracking all the way back to the farm. † (Food safety magazine, 2006) Their suppliers are required to meet the standards of food safety so that there wouldn’t be anything wrong with the product when the customers consume it. McDonalds was also one of the first ones to test the safety of fresh-cut produce in packages for distributing to other restaurants (FDA). They tried this so that in hope it could reduce any microbial hazards. McDonalds is the ideal role of a fast food restaurant, and many others try to follow its standards. McDonald consumption does not only affect health but it also impacts the environment. Due to McDonald’s food packaging many individuals liter and that trash harms the wildlife. Since McDonald’s is located everywhere in the city, state, and country the area always has McDonald’s packaging remains. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), they have been trying to reduce the packaging at fast food establishments. They tried to develop this reduction program for those take out food containers, which are the â€Å"largest documented contributor of trash in urban waterways that flows into SF Bay, and, with partner cities, conduct outreach at fast food establishments (EPA). † This shows that McDonald’s is also the contributor in harming the environment, though McDonalds is not the only one the other fast food chains also contribute to this. Since McDonalds has expanded and has survived for all these years that means food production factories has expanded also to keep the restaurants in stock. Which means that the cattle have increased and seizing more land for the factories. This also involves in harming the environment because that means more wastes from factories and cattle. McDonalds is one of the largest fast food chains in the world. According to business week, McDonald’s corporation annual earnings in 2011 are $5. 27 per share as of January 24, 2012. McDonald’s corporation’s third quarter of 2012 revenues is about 7. 2 billion dollars, which has increased compared to before. As you can see McDonald’s profits are quite a lot. By selling inexpensive food you would think that they probably wouldn’t earn much, however having many customers consuming everyday in all of U. S. is very profitable. Food Safety Magazine stated, as of 2006 including all around the world, around 13,700 restaurants served nearly 26 million customers per day. Since this article is published in 2006, that means at present, 2012 McDonalds most likely expanded their restaurants twice as much and most likely restaurants would be serving at least 26 million customers per day. With that many consumers, fast food companies especially McDonalds profit a lot. Honestly, I used to eat McDonalds at least once in every two weeks and I was under the category of overweight. I liked eating it because it was very fast and convenient especially every time I get hungry, it satisfies my hunger. However, after watching this video in middle school called Super Size Me. It changed my perspective on fast food restaurants. The video portrayed about this man who tried to eat McDonalds Food everyday for a month. He bought everything super sized and constantly consumed it for thirty days straight. You could see that he has gained a lot of weight and he just didn’t look healthy at all, but sick instead. At some times he would throw it up. This video had changed my eating habits, and I have been eating healthy. Eating healthy has energized my body and exercising is easier because eating healthier helps you lose weight. After watching this video, I have not eaten McDonalds as much. Maybe once in awhile lets say about once in six months, but my body felt great without eating fast foods. Overall, fast food companies at present are everywhere and people especially those who are not financially supported through jobs are relying on these inexpensive foods. Foods that are able to satisfy their hunger but is unhealthy. Frequently consuming fast foods cause health problems. The number one that fast food causes is obesity that could lead to heart diseases and diabetes. People need to change their eating habits, by eating healthier foods. Changing eating habits by eating healthier can change the lifestyle of that individual so that it could prolong their life. References Gale, S. Y. (2006, February). CASE STUDIES IN FOOD PROTECTION McDonaldds USA: A Golden Arch of Supply Chain Food Safety. Food Safety Magazine. Retrieved from http://www. foodsafetymagazine. com/article. asp? id=491&sub=sub1. Chapter VI. Microbiological Safety of Controlled and Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce. (2012, June 15). U S Food and Drug Administration Home Page. Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. fda. gov/Food/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/SafePracticesforFoodProcesses/ucm091368. htm Frequent Fast Food Meals Increase Weight, Diabetes Risk, Study Says, December 30, 2004 Press Release. (2004, December 30). National Institutes of Health (NIH). Retrieved from http://www. nih. gov/news/pr/dec2004/nhlbi-30. htm Stewart, H. , Blisard, N. , Bhuyan, S. , & Nayga, R. (2004, January). The Demand of Food Away From Home Full-Service or fast food? USDA ERS – Home. Retrieved from http://www. ers. usda. gov/media/306585/aer829_1_. pdf. Vital Signs: Food Categories Contributing the Most to Sodium Consumption — United States, 2007–2008. (2012, February 10). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6105a3. htm? s_cid=mm6105a3_w Yogi, D. (2012, October 17). 10/17/2012: EPA Awards $6. 5 Million for Ten Projects to Restore. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from http://yosemite. epa. gov/opa/admpress. nsf/931381dfcd9a5c308525779700424ccd/82c31b3e568b570585257a9a0058ed1c! opendocument MCDONALD’S CORP (MCD:New York): Earnings Estimates – Businessweek. (2012, November 6). Investing & Stock Research by Company and Industry – Businessweek. Retrieved from http://investing. businessweek. com/research/stocks/earnings/earnings. asp? ticke r=MCD Ganzel, B. (2007). Fast Food during the 1950s and 60s. Wessels Living History Farm, Inc. Retrieved from http://www. livinghistoryfarm. org/farminginthe50s/life_16. html Schlossar, E. (2009, February 9). Americans Are Obsessed with Fast Food: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. CBS News. Retrieved from http://www. cbsnews. com/2100-204_162-326858. html.

Character Sketch in Composition

In composition, a character sketch is a brief description in prose of a particular person or type of person. In writing one, you go into the characters manner, distinct characteristics, nature, and the way that person behaves him or herself. Its also called a profile or character analysis and doesnt necessarily have to be about a fictional character. How to Approach a Character Sketch Even though its an informative type of essay, a character sketch doesnt have to be dry and only descriptive. It can also impress or entertain the reader or praise the subject, notes author R.E. Myers. The facts, traits, idiosyncrasies, and accomplishments of the subject provide the fabric of the character sketch. Anecdotes and quotes are also helpful in portraying the subject. You can stress the subjects personality, appearance, character or accomplishments.  (Figures of Speech: A Study and Practice Guide. Teaching Learning Company, 2008) If analyzing a fictional character, you can also go into the persons conflicts, how the person changes, his or her attitude toward others, and role in the story. You can list the persons likes and dislikes and how you feel about the character. If the character is the narrator, you can discuss whether the person is an unreliable narrator. A character sketch can also be satiric, as in work by authors such as Evelyn Waugh (1903–1966) and Thomas Pynchon (1933–) or modern-day television sit-coms. As a composition, a satiric sketch would likely need to be written in the characters voice and point of view to work. Use of a Character Sketch Besides being an essay type that students write in composition classes, fiction authors can use character sketches in their prewriting or drafting stages of short stories or novels as a means to develop the people wholl inhabit the world theyre creating. Writers who plan series (or even those who just end up writing a sequel to a successful story) can find character sketches useful as a reference  for maintaining consistency of detail or voice, if the character ends up being a narrator in the subsequent work or has a particular vocal tic, slang vocabulary, jargon use, or accent. Often the act of taking on the characters voice in a sketch will assist the author in discovering aspects of the character and fleshing him or her out to be more realistic. Character sketches can also be a task to work on when stuck for a plot point, characters motivation to move the plot forward, or attitude/reaction toward a conflict or event. In nonfiction writing, character sketches can be useful for biographers or feature article writers as a prewriting tool and as descriptive material to mine for the finished work. Examples Annie Dillards Sketch of Her Childhood Friend Judy Schoyer My friend Judy Schoyer was a thin, messy, shy girl whose thick blond curls lapped over her glasses. Her cheeks, chin, nose, and blue eyes were round; the lenses and frames of her glasses were round, and so were her heavy curls. Her long spine was supple; her legs were long and thin so her knee socks fell down. She did not care if her knee socks fell down. When I first knew her, as my classmate at the Ellis School, she sometimes forgot to comb her hair. She was so shy she tended not to move her head, but only let her eyes rove about. If my mother addressed her, or a teacher, she held her long-legged posture lightly, alert, like a fawn ready to bolt but hoping its camouflage will work a little longer. (An American Childhood. Harper Row, 1987.) Bill Barichs Sketch of a Publican The publican, Peter Keith Page, lives with his family in a flat on the second floor. Page is a fiftyish man, slender and well-tailored, whose manner might be described as studiously charming. His mustache and hair are tinged with auburn, and this, along with a sharp nose and chin, makes him look a bit like a fox. He enjoys jokes, subtle conversations,  double entendres. When he takes one of his turns behind the bar, he works at a measured pace, often pausing to ask after his patrons health and well-being. (At the Fountain. In Traveling Light. Viking, 1984.) Sources David F. Venturo, The Satiric Character Sketch. In A Companion to Satire: Ancient and Modern, ed. by Ruben Quintero. Blackwell, 2007.